More than a Bad Case of Blues Clinical Depression Essay...

More Than a Bad Case of Blues Thesis: Every individual has been at greif sometime in their life. Feeling helpless, hopeless, and worthless is understandable when going through a life struggle, a loss, and low self esteem. Reacting this way may turn out to be clinical depression rather than just a bad case of blues. I. Many people define depression as being sad all the time when in reality there is much more to that interpretation. A. A constant and overwhelming feeling of hopelessness. B. The personal, social and occupational lives suffering from depression become defective. C. Little is known about depression. II. Depression can be hereditary as well as environmental. A. Those with no close relative suffering from the†¦show more content†¦Reacting this way may turn out to be clinical depression which affects the daily life of millions rather than just a bad case of blues. To some people, depression is just a word, but to others it is a life ruiner because it can result in increased work absence, a short-term disability,or even a decreased productivity. Fortunately, there is a variety of treatment options. Many people define depression as being heartsick and sad all the time when in reality there is much more to that interpretation. Because little is known about this illness, Sahrish Ahmad goes into great detail about the true meaning of depression and states that â€Å"it is a debilitating disease that sucks pleasure out of the lives of its sufferers and shrinks their self-esteem to almost nothing.†(Ahmad). In other words, it is a constant and overwhelming feeling of helplessness. Some question if this disorder is capable of actually killing a victim who suffers from it. Indeed it can. Ahmad expresses his point of view by asserting that â€Å"high depression can go as far as a killer disease.†(Ahmad). 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The Reformers During Andrew Jackson - 979 Words

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Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase Free Essays

string(110) " will be concentrating on changing just 1 factor \(pH\) to show that this is the one than can change results\." Investigating the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme catalase. Introduction Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. It is a weak acid. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent that is mostly used for bleaching paper. Catalase is a common enzyme found in all living organisms. Its functions include the conversion of Hydrogen Peroxide, a powerful and potentially harmful oxidizing agent, to water and oxygen. One molecule of catalase can convert millions of molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen per second. Liver and other living tissues contain the enzyme catalase. Hydrogen peroxide, which is a harmful by-product of the process of cellular respiration is broken down if it builds up in concentration in the cells. If we use potato or other tissue containing this enzyme, we can use this to measure the relative influence of varying different factors on the activity of enzymes in living tissue, the factor I will be investigating in my coursework is the activity of pH. AimThe aim of my investigation is to find out how different pH’s will affect the enzyme activity and how this will affect the rate of reaction. Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes. As with activity, for each enzyme there is also a region of pH optimal stability. I will also be measuring the rate at which oxygen is evolved and how it reflects the activity of the enzyme catalase. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that have primary, secondary, tertiary and maybe quaternary structures.They are biological catalysts that can speed up a reaction rapidly. Enzymes are usually very specific as to which reactions they catalyse and the substrates that are involved in these reactions. Complimentary shape, charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of enzymes and substrates are responsible for this specificity therefore only one substrate will fit into the active site of the 1 enzyme. Two theories on Enzyme function: Lock and Key hypothesis – where you have 1 enzyme, 1 substrate and there is a complimentary shape and charge. Induced Fit Hypothesis – The substrate and enzyme are not complimentary.During a collision the substrate induces a change in the active site shape and so it becomes complimentary. E. g. Hand in Glove. Some enzymes are produced in an inactive form therefore need to be switched on by the addition of a non-protein group, this sometimes causes a permanent change. Limiting factors- Few factors that affect enzyme activity * Temperature Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it works best. A higher temperature generally results in an increase in enzyme activity. As the temperature increases, molecular motion increases resulting in more molecular collisions.If, however, the temperature rises above a certain point, the heat will denature the enzyme, causing it to lose its three-dimensional functional shape by denaturing its hydrogen bonds. Cold temperature, on the other hand, slows down enzyme activity by decreasing molecular motion. 1. Rate of reaction is slow due to insufficient energy (kinetic), this means there are very few collisions between substrate and enzymes. 2. Rate of reaction increases due to more kinetic energy and more collisions. More enzyme-substrate complex’s are formed. 3. It has now reached optimum temperature where there’s optimum energy.There are many successful collisions therefore more product has been formed. 4. Rate of reaction starts to decrease, The increase in kinetic energy now causes molecules within the enzyme to vibrate. This may result in the hydrogen bonds breaking therefore enzyme structure may change,. All the enzymes have still not been affected at this point and there has not been a permanent change, 5. Increase in energy causes molecules to vibrate. 4 bonds (S-S, ionic bonds) begin to break. Tertiary structure is now permanently altered and therefore the active site and substrate are no longer complimentary so no products can now be made. PH Each enzyme has an optimal pH that helps maintain its three-dimensional shape. Changes in pH may denature enzymes by altering the enzyme’s charge. This alters the ionic bonds of the enzyme that contribute to its functional shape. Most human enzymes work at an optimum pH of around 7. 3 or 7. 4. The majority of these are intra-cellular enzymes. Extra-cellular enzymes e. g. digestive enzymes work at more extreme pH’s e. g. protease at pH2 and arginase at pH 11. Rate of reaction is affected by changes in pH. The charges on R groups maintaining a structure of the active site are essential for the formation of E-S complex.If the properties of the active site change, the substrate can no longer combine (I. e. increase in protons of hydroxyl ions will repel the substrate) pH can also effect individual amino acids as formation of zwitter ions are common. * Enzyme Concentration Assuming a sufficient concentration of substrate is available, increasing enzyme concentration will increase the enzyme reaction rate. If you increase the enzyme concentration there is more chance of a collision and an increase in the rate of reaction. When there’s more substrate than enzymes (substrate becomes the limiting factor) it will stay at one level. Substrate Concentration Rate of reaction will increase proportional to the sub concentration until V-max. V-max is where all the enzymes are occupied in E-S complexes. This is where the reaction will stay at one level. At a constant enzyme concentration and at lower concentrations of substrates, the substrate concentration is the limiting factor. As the substrate concentration increases, the enzyme reaction rate increases. However, at very high substrate concentrations, the enzymes become saturated with substrate and a higher concentration of substrate does not increase the reaction rate.Validity and Reliability As I’ve just discussed, various factors affect enzyme activity. For this piece of coursework I will be concentrating on changing just 1 factor (pH) to show that this is the one than can change results. You read "Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase" in category "Papers" This will help me work out close trends and get me a good range of results. I am going to show this by doing an experiment with potato disks. * I will be using different pH buffers in my experiment; from pH3 to pH9, and will have a range of variables; dependant and independent. My dependant variable will be the time it takes for the red dye to move across the monometer. I will be keeping the temperature the same as it is difficult to control and is a limiting factor, and so to record results and minimise fluctuations I will do the experiment at the same time of day. I will measure temperature as I know it will affect enzymes and the rate of reaction. * I will be using the same concentration and volume of hydrogen peroxide (substrate) because if I change too many variables it will make it difficult to know which affected the results. * I will also be using the same number of potatoes, same variety of potatoes, same mass of potatoes, to indicate I am using the same enzyme concentration.All these points will make my results valid but to increase reliability I will also do the experiment 3 times to eliminate anomalous results . Also as I am using pH 3 to pH 9 I am going from acid to alkali giving me a wide range of results. I will wash my equipment each time to increase reliability and I will also use the exact same equipment to make my results constant. Safety Hydrogen peroxide is an irritant and highly corrosive, therefore * I will have to wear safety goggles to protect my eyes. * I must wash it off my skin. * It will bleach clothes. * It is kept in a brown bottle as it decomposes in light. ApparatusApparatus| Quantity/Detail| Reason| Potato (source of catalase)| 1 potato cut into Potato disks| Most common and reliable source of catalase. It is cut into equal disks because if you homogenize it you will not get equal amounts and you will lose a lot of water making it unreliable. | Hydrogen Peroxide (substrate)| 10cm as this will give the highest rate of reaction as I figured from doing practice trials. | Substrate of the experiment. Reacts with the catalase to be broken down| PH buffer| VolumePh3-ph9| Independent variable-always use the same volume 10cm3. | Monometer| 1| Measures volume of oxygen. Red dye will be put in this. Red dye| | Injected into the monometer so results can be recorded by measuring the distance travelled from starting point in 1min. | Syringe| 1| Used to inject the dye. | Boiling tube| 1| Reaction will take place in this. It will have the buffer, hydrogen peroxide and potato discs in. | Bung| 1| This will be placed on top of the test tube. It will be used to stop the gases escaping. It will have two delivery tubes on it, one will be closed by a clip and the other one will be connected to the monometer so gases can go into it. | Delivery tube| 1| | Clip| 1| This will be used to clip and block one of the delivery tubes from the bung. Stop clock accurate to m/s| Digital| To time how long the red dye takes to move in 1min. | Measuring Cylinders| 1| Accurately measures the hydrogen peroxide and pH buffers. | Scalpel| 1| Sharp knife used to cut the potatoes| Cork borer| 1| To maintain a constant surface area in the potato and cut same size disks. | Ruler| 1| To measure size | Safety goggles| 1| Safety| Thermometer| 1 exact to 1’C| To measure temperature| Dish| 1| | White tile| 1| Surface used o cut potato tubes into discs. | Scale| 1| To weigh| Method 1. I will collect all the equipment as shown in the apparatus list and then set them up. . I will then take a reading from the thermometer of the water. This will be my accountable variable. 3. Then, I will cut out a potato cylinder by using a cork borer. I will push the cylinder of potato out by the small cork borer. 4. On the white tile, I will place the potato cylinders. Then by using a scalpel I will cut out the potato pieces into small disks, all equal sizes, and then I will measure the mass of them by using a balance and I will average it out to 1g. 5. Then I will inject the red dye into the monometer by using a clean syringe and make sure there are no bubbles in the monometer.I will take the reading of where the red dye is. 6. I will then clamp the monometer onto the stand so it is upright and stable. 7. Then, by using a pipette, I will pour 10cm? of hydrogen peroxide into one of the measuring cylinders. Then, by using another pipette, I will pour 10cm? of pH buffer solution and pour it into the other measuring cylinder. I will keep this volume the same for each of my tests to make it fair. 8. I will then pour the potato disks and the buffer into the test tube. I will place this into the conical flask and will record the point at which the red dye is at on the monometer. . Then, I will connect the test tube to the monometer by the delivery tube. 10. I will then place the hydrogen peroxide and straight away after this, I will place the bung on top of the test tube straight away to stop oxygen from escaping. I will clip on the clip to one of the delivery tubes and close it. We put the products in this order because the reaction starts as soon as the hydrogen peroxide goes in and we want the reaction to start just before we put the bung on so none of the oxygen escapes. 11. I will start the stopwatch after this. 12. I will measure how much the dye moves in 1 minute. 3. I will measure the distance moved and will take an average for the pH. 14. I will repeat the experiment form step 2 for each pH 3 times to make it reliable. Results Table pH| Time (mins)| Temperature (? C)| Distance moved by red dye in one min (mm)| Average distance moved by red ink in one min (mm)| Rate of reaction (mm/mins)| 3| | | | | | 3| | | | | | 3| | | | | | 4| | | | | | 4| | | | | | 4| | | | | | 5| | | | | | 5| | | | | | 5| | | | | | 6| | | | | | 6| | | | | | 6| | | | | | 7| | | | | | 7| | | | | | 7| | | | | | 8| | | | | | 8| | | | | | 8| | | | | | 9| | | | | | 9| | | | | | 9| | | | | |Rate of reaction Distance Rate of reaction = Time taken Average distance This will be calculated by adding the 3 figures for each pH and then dividing them by 3. pH| Time (mins)| Temperature (? C)| Distance moved by red dye in one min (cm)| Average distance moved by red dye in one min (cm)| Rate of reaction (cm/mins)| 3| 1| 25| 0. 2| 0. 17| 0. 17| 3| 1| 25| 0. 2| | | 3| 1| 25| 0. 1| | | 4| 1| 25| 0. 4| 0. 47| 0. 47| 4| 1| 25| 0. 5| | | 4| 1| 25| 0. 5| | | 5| 1| 26| 0. 5| 0. 57| 0. 57| 5| 1| 26| 0. 6| | | 5| 1| 26| 0. 6| | | 6| 1| 26| 0. 7| 0. 80| 0. 80| 6| 1| 26| 0. 9| | | 6| 1| 26| 0. 8| | | | 1| 25| 1. 3| 1. 17| 1. 17| 7| 1| 25| 1. 2| | | 7| 1| 25| 1. 0| | | 8| 1| 26| 0. 9| 0. 93| 0. 93| 8| 1| 26| 1. 2| | | 8| 1| 26| 0. 7| | | 9| 1| 25| 0. 4| 0. 53| 0. 53| 9| 1| 25| 0. 6| | | 9| 1| 25| 0. 6| | | Results Table Conclusion After analyzing the results and putting them in a graph, I can clearly identify and explain the trends. There are relationships between the amount of oxygen produced and the pH used. Also, between the pH and the rate of reaction. The starting parts of both graphs, shows a positive gradient, this reflects the general affect of increasing pH on the rate of reaction.It shows that there is a positive relationship between increasing the pH from 3 to 6 and the rate of reaction and the amount of oxygen produced. There is a steady increase from pH 3 to pH 6 and it increases, there is more distance that the dye has moved and therefore this shows an increase in the rate of reaction. At pH3, it moves 1. 7mm in one minute. But as the pH number was increased to pH4, it had increased to 4. 7mm. This is an increase of 3. 0mm. But, then there was only a small steady increase at Ph5 to 5. 7mm, only an increase of 1mm. Then at pH6, there was another increase to 8mm which is an increase of 2. mm. This shows that the biggest increase was from pH 3 to 4. It can be seen from the graph that at pH 5 and pH 6, the dot was not on the curve of best fit proving it to be an anomalous result. But overall this proves that there is a positive correlation between the increase in pH and the rate of reaction. After pH 6, it was increased to pH 7, where there was the greatest rate of reaction. It can be seen from the graph that at pH 7, it was the highest point proving it to be the optimum pH. It moved the red dye 11. 7mm in one minute which was the highest amount that it had move out of all the PHs.It had increased 2. 7mm. The peak on the graph provides evidence that the rate of reaction is at its maximum and the enzyme catalase works best at pH 7. Then after pH 7, the descending part of the graph shows that there is a loss of catalase activity taking place at pH 8 and 9. There is a slow decrease after pH 7 and it is a negative correlation. The gradient is similar to the positive gradient of Ph 5 and 6. From pH 7 to 8, there is a decrease of 2. 4mm, from 11. 7mm to 9. 3mm. From pH 8 to 9, there was a steady decrease of 4. 0mm, from 9. 3mm to 5. 3mm.This in turn shows that there is a negative correlation and therefore showing that the rate of reaction is decreasing. The curve of best fit shows that there are two anomalous results at pH 5 and pH 6 therefore all the other points are correct. There is a positive gradient until pH 7 which is the optimum pH and then after this there is a negative gradient. This means that there is a relationship between the pH and the rate of reaction. The PH’s before the optimum are all acids and it shows the rate of reaction for them to be increasing. This shows that the more acidic it is, the lower the rate of reaction.After the optimum ph, there is a decreasing gradient showing the more alkaline the solution is, the lower the rate of reaction. In conclusion I can say that as the pH increases, so does the rate of reaction meaning that the enzyme activity increases. Then at pH7 the enzyme activity is at its maximum and so is the rate of reaction. After Ph 7, as the pH increased, the rate of reaction decreased. I have made this conclusion by the results that were collected, my graph and my scientific knowledge shown below. As the pH became more alkaline the rate of reaction decreased. Also, as the pH decreased to pH 3 and 4 (acid), the rate of reaction was slow. This occurred as the charges holding the tertiary structure together would have been affected. Also the charges in the active site would be damaged. As there is an increase in H+ they bind with the negative charges in the active site, stopping the substrate binding with the enzyme. When the charges change, the enzyme is permanently destroyed and cannot work, meaning it is denatured. This means less enzyme-substrate complexes form when pH is acidic, leading to fewer products being formed. PH 3 moved the red dye 1. mm; PH4 moved it 4. 7mm in one minute. At pH 5 the rate of reaction increases to 5. 7mm. After this point, there is only a slight increase (at pH 6). The rate of reaction is lower than that of pH 7 as they are more acidic but do not contain as many H+ ions as pH3 and pH4. However, the active site of the enzyme is still affected and causes the charges to become damaged leading to denatured enzymes. Although not as many enzymes become denatured leading to a slightly higher number of product being formed (not as great as pH7). PH 5 moved the dye 5. 7mm whereas pH6 moved it 8. 0mm in one minute.The rate of reaction at pH 7 is the greatest as there are a great number of enzyme-substrate complexes being formed. This is the best pH for the enzyme to collide with the substrate and successfully bind. The charges holding the tertiary structure and the enzyme and substrate together are unaffected leading to a higher amount of product being formed. It moved the red dye 11. 7mm in one minute. As the pH became more alkaline the rate of reaction decreased. At pH8 the rate of reaction decreased and at pH 9 it decreased even more. This is due to an increased number of OH- ions. These have the same effect as H+ ions and damage the active site.The OH- ions bind with the positive charges in the enzyme and active site. Without the charges present the substrate no longer fits, resulting in the enzyme being denatured. This leads to less enzyme-substrate complexes, and lower amount of product being formed. Therefore the results from the investigation and the graphs show that the optimum pH is pH7. This is due to the fact that this pH does not affect the active site. The catalase and hydrogen peroxide bond form water and oxygen successfully. PH 7 allows the reaction to take place faster as enzyme-substrate complexes can be formed to produce product.Also, the more acidic or alkaline the pH became, the more the rate of reaction decreased. This occurred as it affects the bonds in the active site of catalase. The catalase is no longer able to function as it is denatured. Fewer enzyme-substrate complexes are formed and the blue dye only moves a small distance. EVALUATION During my investigation, I recognized that there were limitations of both the apparatus and techniques used. Even though I tried my best to keep all variables constant and made an effort to reduce problems, not all could be kept constant.Firstly, there were difficulties with handling various apparatus which restricted the reliability of my experiment. The manometer was used to find how much oxygen was produced. This was the better device to use rather than the gas syringe as it contained the best way of getting measurements. This made my results more accurate. However, this device also contains a couple of limitations. The monometer appeared quite simple to use and I thought that it would be easy But it turned out this was the hardest piece of equipment instead and caused me the most problems. When the red dye was inserted it into the onometer, air bubbles were frequently produced and this would have affected my results if I didn’t correct it. This was a continuous problem that caused many difficulties. Another problem was bungs. This was used to keep the test tubes blocked to stop the oxygen escaping. One of the tubes had to be completely blocked using a clamp so no oxygen could escape; this had to be done a couple of seconds after the catalase was added. This was difficult to do and was not done as soon as the reaction began. This would have resulted in some oxygen escaping giving me a slightly lower number of oxygen produced than was actually produced.The bung also had to be placed seconds after the catalase were added, this could have also resulted in some oxygen escaping. There could have been problems also because of my technique. This is because I used potatoes as the form of my catalase. But, there could have been different concentrations of catalase present in the different discs. Temperature was kept constant using a water bath, the temperature of this was 25? C (room temperature). However there is one limitation as the investigation was carried out over a period of a couple of days. The room temperature may have had an effect, as the temperature is not constant over a long period.An increase in temperature would give the particles higher energy and so there would be an increase in collisions. The affect of sunlight on hydrogen peroxide might have had a problem on the stability of it as it was left out of the brown bottle that would normally protect the chemical. However, the limitations mentioned above did not greatly affect the reliability of my results. It had minimal effect as the results are reliable and also the curve of best fit is reliable. Everything in my experiment happened the way it should have happened but there were two anomalous results at pH 5 and pH6.But, this wasn’t that unreliable because I think that this happened because of the change in my temperature. At this pH the temperatures changed from 25? C to 26? C. There was a slightly higher rate of reaction than what it should have been according to the curve of best fit but it still follows the pattern that there is a positive gradient for the acids and a negative gradient for the alkalis. My conclusion that I came up with was that as pH increased, the rate of reaction of the enzyme increased and then at pH 7 it reached its maximum and as the pH’s increased after, the rate of reaction decreased.I think that this conclusion is fairly accurate. This is because my graph showed exactly this because there was a positive gradient for the acids and at pH7 it reached its maximum, and then there was a negative gradient for the alkalis. But, there were the two anomalies but this was because of a variable. . In conclusion, I believe that my conclusion is fairly reliable even though there were a few limitations and problems. This is because the problems that have existed have not had a significant effect on my results and my conclusions prove the aim. How to cite Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase, Papers

Marketing Strategies Influence and Productivity

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategies for Influence and Productivity. Answer: Introduction In this paper, the selected organization is Peters Ice Cream which is an Australia-based Ice Manufacture Company. Besides that, it is one of the top ice cream manufacturers in the industry of Australia, and it was founded in the year 1907. On the other hand, the Peter ice cream was introduced to R R ice cream of European firm and Peters Ice Cream came into the international market many years ago. On the other hand, Peters Ice Cream has implemented many changes in their business strategies (Brown, 2004). Moreover, their strategies changes which need to implement as that, innovative strategies planning to execute properly in the competitive market for sustainability. Along with this part, the company must motivate and encourage their employees for future growth with innovative approaches to capture the whole ice market in Australia. In addition, various issues that affect ice market will be discussed in this paper. On the other hand, the different marketing strategy of other rival comp anies how to influence the performance of Peter Ice Cream will also be evaluated in this study (Pearson, 2007). Marketing Advantages The market includes several factors or issue that impact the performance of an organization. Keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish desirable objectives organizations needs to lead some appropriate marketing strategies. As indicated by recent market research, Peters Ice Cream needs to concentrate on the correct marketing mix to enhance the revenue of the organization through marketing advantages. Though, so as to support in this competitive worldwide market Peters Ice Cream should implement strategy and utilize marketing advantages (Fulmer and Goldsmith, 2011). Each and every segment of the marketing advantages will be discussed in this paper. Moreover, various aspects of current marketing advantages will be analyzed through proper arguments and justification. Along with part, Peter Ice Cream can improve the productivity and customer satisfaction level by effective quality ice products and service. Besides that, the marketing advantages incorporates segmentation, targeting, diffe rentiation, and positioning and each type of components of effective marketing advantages are explained below: Segmentation The segmentation is one of the tangible aspects of marketing advantages, and it concludes geographic, customer behavior, and psychological and demographic. On the other hand, segmentation demonstrates the accurate and current market opportunities which organization can grab for improvement(Weinstein, 2008). With the help of certain atmosphere, thickness, the market estimate the geographic component, the management of Peters Ice Cream ought to examine the marketing environment so as to create any new item in the market because the geographic area is a fundamental variable. Moreover, Peters Ice Cream includes a few ranges where huge thickness clients are accessible. Apart from that, the demographic segmentation is another notable part on the grounds that in a few regions like different items of interest effortlessly accessible. In addition, the customer behavior mostly effects the demographic segmentation and incorporates a few components of customer approach, for example, age, wage, e thnic foundation and family cycle (Bigalow, 2002). Along these lines, Peters Ice Cream ought to create their items as indicated by the demographic phases of clients. Despite the fact that, the psychological segmentation section a market on the premise of motivates, identity and way of life of customers. Apart from that, the psychological components influence a consumer in a successful state of mind. Besides that, Peters Ice Cream should provide a careful attention to psychological figures demand to attract more customers. Deliberating the behavioral segmentation, among all because the supportability of an ice related item depends on upon the consumer behavior. On the other hand, Peters Ice Cream should analyze the customer behavior before presenting another ice products in the market. Target The targeting clients are one of the essential marketing practice that influences organizational performance. Peter Ice Cream needs to analyze the need of potential customers and targeting them which is a strategy keeping in mind the end goal to grab more potential customers. In this targeting strategy, Peters Ice Cream draws the focus of clients with an unsociable offer, and they disregard the market portion contrast(Bartolini, Hilton and Prati, 2006). Additionally, the comparative requirements of customers must draw the attention of Peters Ice Cream. So, they can distribute and offer individual ice product according to need of the customer. On the other hand, Peters Ice Cream needs to focus on the requirements of their target customers to increase profit. Be that as it may, with the assistance of target segmentation, Peters Ice Cream can be determined on an optimal about what number of assemblies of the customer to be focused on their business. With a specific end goal to assess ev ery market section, the objective marketing process assumes a basic part, and the estimations of market portions are additionally concealed by target marketing process. Be that as it may, the idea of target marketing is affected by the intelligent ramifications of market rationality. In this way, Peters Ice Cream needs to focus on a particular section which can create as most extreme benefit alongside incredible customer satisfaction. With the assistance of a solitary fragment, the majority of the organizations include more portions in their objective marketing process. Besides that, Peter Ice Cream should target customers as per the behavior analyzed which was observed the management(Harvard business review on customer relationship management, 2001). Differentiation With a specific end goal to get the main position of Australian frozen industry, Peters Ice Cream brought a ton of variations in their marketing actions. On the other hand, Peter Ice Cream continually modify their marketing strategy inside the time base and get achievement in a skillful mind-set. Peters Ice Cream obtained 'operation Checkout' that includes the desertion of green shield stamps, the conclusion of cost and suit buying for all stores of Peters Ice Cream. Apart from that, In 1999 Peters Ice Cream effectively assumed control over the chain of the frozen yogurt market(Harvard business review on customer relationship management, 2001). In addition, Peters Ice Cream impelled a certainty card, and they accustomed online shopping management withdraw the reflection of customers. Peter Ice Cream also provide service to the housing complex and corporate sections. Moreover, they operated the merged stores with the help of Express arrangement. In present days, more than 500 Peters I ce Cream ice stores have been recognized over the Australia, and it presented an imaginative USA telecom division and online marketing. Position In the segment of Peters Ice Cream, they have effectively executed authentic marketing strategy and satisfy many customers through their excellent ice products. Utilizing the promotional activity, Peters Ice Cream position itself as a low-value ice item in the stores of Peters Ice Cream. They perceive that this strategy is exceptionally helpful in ice industry and a colossal number of clients are pulled in by these low estimated ice items. Other than that, after a specific timeframe, Peters Ice Cream can refund their customer with the assistance of dependability program. Besides, they have compelling and gorgeous stores which draw the attention of the customer (Promotional activity, 2004). Recommendation In the most recent couple of years, the frozen distributor like Peters Ice Cream have turned out to be increasingly successful and enhanced its shares in the marketplace consistently. Different organizations rule a large portion of the Australian ice market. The real brands as opponents of Peters Ice Cream had possessed a greater stake in the marketplace(Aaker, 2008). On the other hand, Peter Ice Cream needs to remain in front of these competitors and for this, it needs to take a gander at a few components which are influencing its worldwide market. Besides that, the marketing analysis helps the business to choose the item and development of market strategy is called Ansoff Growth grid. In addition, it recommends that the endeavor taken by the business for the development of market trust on upon the condition of the market. Apart from that, the state can hold of existing items in existing market. Aside from that, Peter Ice Cream should use the process for their strategy development. Along with this part, it needs to satisfy the consumer's necessity on the grounds that the behaviors of the customer are evolving. Moreover, the customers should be offered by Peter Ice Cream with new and tasty ice or frozen products(Aaker, 2008). Conclusion This paper is based on the practical marketing strategy implementation of Peter Ice Cream. Besides that, the management needs to focus on these targeted customers to increase profit. Moreover, with the help of the marketing segmentation, targeting, and positioning, Peter Ice Cream can identify actual requirements of the customers to serve desired ice products. On the other hand, in order to gain competitive advantages, Peter Ice Cream must recognize the strategies of rival companies in ice industry. Besides that, Peter Ice Cream can develop the performance of the organization by satisfying their customers. References Aaker, D. (2008).Strategic market management. 1st ed. New York: Wiley. Bartolini, L., Hilton, R. and Prati, A. (2006).Money market integration. 1st ed. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Dept. Bigalow, S. (2002).Profitable candlestick trading. 1st ed. New York: Wiley. Brown, W. (2004).Organization. 1st ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Fulmer, R. and Goldsmith, M. (2011).The leadership investment. 1st ed. New York: AMACOM. Harvard business review on customer relationship management. (2001). 1st ed. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Pearson, G. (2007).The competitive organization. 1st ed. London: McGraw-Hill. Promotional activity. (2004). 1st ed. Watford: IGD. Weinstein, A. (2008).Market segmentation. 1st ed. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Pub. Co.

Product Quality an Example by

Product Quality by Expert Jayjay1 | 22 Dec 2016 Multiple Award ID/IQ Contracts: Perfected yet Unspecific In the Article Current Problems with Multiple Award Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity Contracts: A Primer, I found most interesting is the manner by which the contract of sale is perfected. A contract of sale is defined as an agreement whereby the seller transfers the property in goods to the buyer for a consideration called the price (MacCluney v. Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co., 87 F. Supp. 58), it normally involves a specific subject matter or good. In ID/IQ contracts, the subject of the sale is not specific as to the manner of delivery and quantity, it strikes me as odd since in order to perfect the contract, all that is needed is a minimum or maximum order amount. I believe that these types of contracts are open to dispute as to the quality of the good. Need essay sample on "Product Quality" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The quality of the good in these types of contract are never mentioned, only the quantity. The quality, which is the most important aspect of the subject good, is left to future agreements between the parties. However, the problem arises when by virtue of a perfected ID/IQ contract, the supplier is bound to produce goods for the government and the supplier cannot back down from its obligation even if it is detrimental to its business. An example of this is when the government requires a certain good from the supplier, which is very costly to make or to import, the supplier cannot tell the government that since it would be detrimental to its business, it cannot get that particular good for the government. If the supplier argues it that way, then he shall be liable for breach under the perfected contract. This is only one of the problems that may arise from a perfected contract where the quality of the good is not particularly specified. False Statement Statute: A Good Defense Against Misrepresentation yet is Easily Manipulated Misrepresentations in the commercial world abound, sellers are willing to make false representations or convenient omissions just to make a sale. In these commercial transactions, the buyers are being induced to buy the good not because of the true quality of the good but because of its alleged superior attribute. Sellers normally do not choose who they defraud, even the government is sometimes subject to this type of tactic especially on their contracts. In the Article Business Ethics in Government Contracting by Claude B. Goddard, Jr., he mentioned a statute which is being used by the Government in order to protect itself from this type of fraud. The False Statement Statute, which makes it illegal for sellers to make false representations, is one of the governments aces to prosecute sellers with golden tongues but with brass goods. By invoking the False Statement Statute, the government is able to hold sellers liable for all their representations as to the quality of the goods that they sell to the government, however, this will not completely eliminate disputes regarding product quality. According to the statute, only statements that were made by sellers which they willfully gave despite the fact that they knew it to be false are punishable. In such cases, the seller may claim that he did not know that what he uttered was false and this defense may stand in court. In the end, the courts are still given the burden of examining whether the statement was willingly given and was known as false. Dealing with Disputes on Product Quantity or Quality Arising from Different Warranties. Implied Warranty of Mechantability In all cases of sale, except if expressly stated that there is none or is modified, there is an implied warranty that subject goods are merchantable (UCC 2). This warranty attaches if the seller is a merchant with respect to the goods of that kind (Williston on Contracts, 1979). Despite the clear intention of the law that there must be an implied warranty, it is still a source of discussion and dispute. The primary problem with the implied warranty of merchantability is on whether the subject good can be considered merchantable. The courts in addressing this problem, has enumerated several elements that may guide a party on determining whether the good is merchantable or not. For a good to be merchantable, it must be at least such as (a) pass without objection in the trade under the contract description; (b) in case of fungible goods, are of fair average quality within the description; (c) are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used; (d) run, within the variations permitted by the agreement, of even kind, quality and quantity within each unit and among all units involved; (e) are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as the agreement may require; and (f) conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label if any (Williston on Contracts, 1979). Express Warranties Express warranty has been defined as an affirmation of the quality or condition of the thing sold, (not uttered as matter of opinion or belief,) made by the seller at the time of the sale, for the puspose of assuring the buyer of the truth of the facts affirmed, and inducing him to make the purchase, if so received and relied on by the purchaser (Distillers Distributing Corp. v. Sherwood Distilling Co. 180 F2d 800). A common dispute arising from express warranties is whether the declaration made by the seller is an affirmation of fact or a statement of opinion. This is a source of misunderstanding because of the fine line that differentiates an opinion from a statement of fact especially if the seller is pretty convincing. Also, in other jurisdictions, there is a term called dolus bonus which are the normal exaggerations of merchants to induce buyers (Sefton-Green,) which sometimes is also a source of dispute. When these exaggerations are so subtle that they may pass off as true, they tend to cause confusion and sometimes court action. In addressing these issues, the courts are now moving towards making the sellers liable for their statements even when these statements are sometimes considered puffing (Hansen Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 276 Fd 254). Representations expressed and disseminated in the mass communications media and on labels that are proven to be false and a resulting damage to the buyer is caused, then the sellers generally cannot escape liability (Randy Knitwear, Inc. v American Cyanamid Co. 11 NY2d 5). Warranty Against Infringement The law provides that a there is, in all sales, an implied warranty against infringement. The doctrine states that the seller warrants that the goods he is selling is free from any third-party claim, to wit: Unless otherwise agreed a seller who is a merchant regularly dealing in goods of the kind warrants that the goods shall be delivered free of the rightful claim of any third person by way of infringement or the like but a buyer who furnishes specifications to the seller must hold the seller harmless against any such claim which arises out of compliance with the specifications. (UCC 2 312 par. 3). Disputes regarding warranties against infringement commonly arise when because of the buyers negligence, he is unable to ascertain, through careful examination, the status of the goods. This is common when the good bought was fenced. Letters of Credit: Their Importance and Inner Workings It is now commonplace to transact business using documents rather than money, one of the most used commercial documents is the letter of credit. A letter of credit is an instrument issued by a bank on behalf of its customers, the buyer, authorizing a seller of merchandise to draw drafts on the issuing bank (or one of its correspondents) for the issuers account, provided the seller complies with the conditions agreed upon by the buyer and the issuing bank (Rabkin, 1978). In this type of transaction, the bank uses its reputation in place of its customer since the latter is less-likely to be well-known, to guaranty the fulfillment of a transaction (Rabkin, 1978) Basically, a promise by a reliable third party (the bank) to pay the seller if the latter performs its obligations to a buyer, is what a letter of credit purports to be (Rabkin, 1978). This promise is enforceable by the seller against the bank even if he is not privy to the bank and buyers agreement. After the transaction, the buyer shall then reimburse the issuing bank based on the manner they have agreed upon. The buyer may either deposit funds in the issuing bank or he might already have funds with the bank and the price shall be deducted from his account with the bank. The buyer, however, shall only reimburse the issuing bank after the seller has complied with all the terms of the agreement between the seller and the buyer. If the issuing bank pays the seller, regardless of whether the seller has complied with all the terms of its agreement with the buyer, the buyer shall not be liable to reimburse the bank since reimbursement is preconditioned on the faithful compliance of the seller of all the terms of the agreement. Delivery Term: Free On Board Free on Board (FOB) is a delivery term used in shipping goods. Free on Board in modern times may either be Free on Board Shipping Point or Free on Board Destination (Ivey). There is a huge difference between the two terms since the liabilities of both buyer and seller are determined by the term used. FOB Shipping Point means that the Buyer pays the freight for the goods, consequently, he also assumes liability for the good while it is in transit. All loss that may occur to the goods, fortuitous causes notwithstanding, shall be for the sole account of the buyer. The seller assumes no liability until he acquires possession of the property or it has been delivered to his warehouse. On the other hand, FOB Destination means that the Supplier pays the freight of the goods, which consequently imputes on him all liability for any loss suffered by the goods while it is on transit (GSA.gov). The reason for the liability of the seller in FOB Destination and the buyer in FOB Shipping Point is based on ownership. In these two cases, the ownership of the goods is transferred from one party to the other on the point indicated in the FOB, thus FOB Shipping Point means that the ownership from the buyer to the seller is transferred on in the point where the goods are shipped, whereas, FOB Destination, means that the ownership of the goods is retained by the supplier until the goods arrive at the port of destination agreed upon. References Distillers Distributing Corp. v. Sherwood Distilling Co. 180 F2d 800 Hansen Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 276 Fd 254 Ivey. Free on Board (FOB). Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://www.ivey.uwo.ca/academic/pre-business/bus257/First%20Term%20Lecture%20Notes/Free%20on%20Board%20Lecture.pdf MacCluney v. Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co., 87 F. Supp. 58 Rabkin, J. & Johnson, M.H. (1978). Current Legal Forms with Tax Analysis.. New York, New York: Matthew Bender. Randy Knitwear, Inc. v American Cyanamid Co. 11 NY2d 5 Uniform Commercial Code of the United States Williston on Contracts (1979). Rochester, New York: The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Co.

Song of Soloman - Self Seeker essays

Song of Soloman - Self Seeker essays As shown in the novel Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison through the main character Milkman, some people spend their entire lives trying to figure out who they are. In Milkmans search for self-discovery, his thoughts and beliefs are clouded by societys expectations. The impact that civilization has on the way he acts or thinks is profound. By ignoring the strong hold of humanity and going on a quest for distinctiveness, he discovered the true implications of life. The discovery of the fact that what was once believed to be the impossible, is in actuality a capability if you believe it to be so, is empowering. This enlightenment is shown through Milkman at then end of the book. For the majority of Milkmans life, he has done what other people told him to do, and became what other people wanted him to become. However, he slowly comes to the realization that he has been letting all the stories he has heard shape his character. He immediately embarks on a trip to find out the truth about his past for himself, and accidentally finds out the truth about life. Milkman, who once let his past and the stories of the people around him create his character, rebirths into his own self after learning that his grandfather could fly. From an early age, Milkmans dreams have been placed out of reach by society. Like many children Milkmans age, Milkman had a curiosity with the thought of flying For Milkman, flying was a method of escape in which he could flee from his problems. He wanted to leave behind the people who labeled him from his previous actions. Morrison writes, When the little boy discovered at four, the same thing/ Mr. Smith had learned earlier- that only airplanes/ and birds could fly- he lost all interest in himself (Morrison pg 9) This quote shows how society can oppress peoples ideas and force them to conformity. Since Milkman thought that flight was the only was to ref ...

Buffering Work-Family Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buffering Work-Family Conflict - Essay Example The government has formulated policies that restrict the time for working. The employers implement these policies in a bid to buffer work-family conflicts. This occurs through giving employees a greater flexibility at work. The employees have freedom of choice on the appropriate time to work either part time or full time. Another factor is social support, where employees have the chance to receive members of their families as visitors during working hours. This helps the employees to reduce their personal and social pressures, as they are able to focus on both family and work. The competition between work and family reduces, thus buffering the work-family conflicts. The other factor relates to the management of the employees’ set of behavior that are incompatible for work and family (Poelmans, 2005). The most important factors in the reduction of work-family conflict are the implementation of government policies and social support for workers. Government policies govern the working hours of the employees. The employees have the ability to take time off from work, whenever they require taking care of their families. The government policies also capture the minimum wage of employees. This helps to reduce the financial conflicts that could arise due to the lack of money for satisfying basic family needs. On the other hand, social support is important because it helps employees in becoming efficient at work. Companies that provide emotional support to their employees have shown high performance. Such organizations also offer appraisal support that involves giving feedback on the employees, performance on their duties. Such employees also receive encouragement and affirmation on job promotions. Through social support, the employees are able to receive informational support through directives and advice from their seniors. This ensures that they avoid common mistakes at their places of work. The employees also